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Management history

The Can Gio area once supported natural mangrove forest but this was almost fully destroyed by herbicides during the Second Indochina War. Between 1978 and 1986, the area was reforested with mangrove under the direction of Duyen Hai Forest Enterprise. Subsequently, from 1986 to 1990, Ho Chi Minh City People's Committee allocated the land in the Can Gio area to 23 forest enterprises and state farms (ADB 1999). On 29 May 1991, part of the Can Gio area was designated as a coastal protection forest, following Decision No. 173/CT of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Nguyen Dinh Cuong 1994). On 2 January 2000, a management board was established for Can Gio Coastal Protection Forest, following Decision No. 169/QD-UB-CNN of Ho Chi Minh City People's Committee. This management board currently has 96 members of staff, and has responsibility for 36,997 ha of the Can Gio area (Cat Van Thanh, Vice-director of Can Gio Coastal Protection Forest in litt. 2003).

In 1999, a proposal to designate Can Gio as a biosphere reserve was prepared and submitted to UNESCO (ADB 1999). Can Gio was designated as Vietnam's first biosphere reserve on 21 January 2000, with a total area of 75,740 ha, incorporating Can Gio Coastal Protection Forest.

A management board for Can Gio Biosphere Reserve was established on 30 August 2000, following Decision No. 5902/QD-UB of Ho Chi Minh City People's Committee. This management board currently has seven members of staff. The biosphere reserve is currently under the management of Ho Chi Minh City People's Committee.

Topography and hydrology

Can Gio Biosphere Reserve is located in Can Gio district (previously Duyen Hai district), in the coastal zone of Ho Chi Minh City. The area is situated in a recently formed estuary complex of tidal flats, where the Vam Co, Saigon and Dong Nai rivers discharge into the sea. The topography of Can Gio is low-lying and dynamic. The site is divided by a network of canals and rivers.

Biodiversity values

The major habitat types found at Can Gio are plantation mangrove, of which there is about 20,000 ha, and naturally regenerating mangrove, of which there is about 7,000 ha (ADB 1999). The principal mangrove species used for replantation has been Rhizophora apiculata, although R. mucronata has also been used in smaller amounts (Vien Ngoc Nam 1994). In addition to the mangroves, the site also supports seagrass beds dominated by Halophyla sp., Halodule sp. and Thalassia sp. (ADB 1999).

A total of 18 mollusc, 27 crustacean, 45 fish and three amphibian species have been recorded at the site. There are anecdotal reports of local farmers shooting an Estuarine Crocodile Crocodylus porosus at the site in around 1990, although there have been no records since then. Also, Dugong Dugong dugon has been reported to occur seasonally in seagrass beds at the site, although these reports have not been confirmed (ADB 1999).

The intertidal mudflats and sandbanks at the biosphere reserve are an important habitat for migratory shorebirds. ADB (1999) reports that Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola, Common Redshank T. totanus, Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos, Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola, Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus and Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus occur at the site. In addition, several globally threatened and near-threatened waterbird species have been recorded at the IBA, including Spotted Greenshank Tringa guttifer, Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus, Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis and Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala (Tordoff 2002). Consequently, Can Gio qualifies as an Important Bird Area (Tordoff 2002).

Conservation issues

There are several threats to biodiversity at Can Gio Biosphere Reserve, the most significant of which are cutting mangrove trees for timber and fuelwood, and conversion of mangrove forest into aquacultural ponds. ADB (1999) report that, in recent years, pressure to develop aquaculture has increased. ADB (1999) identify several other major human impacts, including destructive fishing techniques, oil spills and sewage discharge from nearby urban areas. Furthermore, afforestation of intertidal flats with mangrove is presumably a major threat to migratory waterbirds at the site, as it threatens to destroy their key habitat (Tordoff 2002).

Other documented values

The mangrove forest at Can Gio performs many valuable ecological functions, including coastal stabilisation, and protection against coastal erosion, oil spills and storm surges. The mangrove forest is a source of fuelwood and construction materials (ADB 1999). Being close to Ho Chi Minh City, Can Gio Biosphere Reserve has great potential as a site for tourism, public education, scientific research and training. Already, the site receives a large number of visitors from Ho Chi Minh City. Can Gio could also serve as a demonstration site for mangrove afforestation projects elsewhere in Vietnam.

Related projects

Action for Mangrove Reforestation, Japan, the European Union (EU), the John D. and Catherine MacArthur Foundation, Oxfam America and UNESCO/UNDP have all funded projects to research or support mangrove rehabilitation activities at Can Gio. Between 1994 and 1996, for example, the EU funded a two-year project entitled Environmental Assessment of Mangrove Reforestation as a Means of Improving Coastal Protection, Stability and Fisheries Production. This project was implemented by the Mangrove Ecosystem Research Division of the Centre for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies.

Conservation needs assessment

A conservation needs assessment has not been conducted for the site.

Operational management plan

An operational management plan has not been prepared for the site.

Eligibility against VCF criteria

The site is ineligible for VCF funding because it is not a Special-use Forest.

Criterion	Eligibility
A_I
A_II	VN051 - Can Gio
B_I
B_II
B_III	Under provincial management
C_I	Management board established
C_II

Social screening requirements

A social screening report has not been prepared for the site.

Criterion	Eligibility
A
B
C
D

Literature sources

ADB (1999) Draft coastal and marine protected areas plan. Hanoi: Asian Development Bank.

Anon. (1998) Draft biosphere reserve nomination form: Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. Draft submission to UNESCO. In English.

Cao Van Sung, Eger, J. and Ngo Van Tri (2000) Preliminary report on bat survey in southern Vietnam. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc [Journal of Biology] 22(15): 136-144. In Vietnamese.

Cheung, C.P.S. (1992) Report on a visit to the coasts of Vietnam. Unpublished report to WWF Asian Region.

Eames, J. C. and Tordoff, A. W. (in prep.) Recent records and a conservation status review of some threatened and near-threatened bird species in Vietnam.

Le Kim Lien (1994) Woman's participation in the mangrove protection at Can Gio, Ho Chi Minh City. Pp 46-52 in: Phan Nguyen Hong and Phan Nguyet Anh eds. Proceedings of the national workshop on reforestation and afforestation of mangroves in Vietnam. Hanoi: Mangrove Ecosystem Research Centre and Action for Mangrove Reforestation.

Nguyen Dinh Cuong (1994) The management and protection of mangrove forests at Can Gio, Ho Chi Minh City. Pp 40-45 in: Phan Nguyen Hong and Phan Nguyet Anh eds. Proceedings of the national workshop on reforestation and afforestation of mangroves in Vietnam. Hanoi: Mangrove Ecosystem Research Centre and Action for Mangrove Reforestation.

Nguyen Hoang Tri, Phan Nguyen Hong and Le Trong Cuc (2000) Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve, Ho Chi Minh City. Hanoi: CRES Mangrove Ecosystem Research Division.

Tordoff, A. W. ed. (2002) Directory of important bird areas in Vietnam: key sites for conservation. Hanoi: BirdLife International in Indochina and the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources.

UNESCO (2000) Vietnam Can Gio mangrove. UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Reserve Directory website.

Vien Ngoc Nam (1994) Plantation to rehabilitate mangroves in Can Gio, Ho Chi Minh City. Pp 46-52 in: Phan Nguyen Hong and Phan Nguyet Anh eds. Proceedings of the national workshop on reforestation and afforestation of mangroves in Vietnam. Hanoi: Mangrove Ecosystem Research Centre and Action for Mangrove Reforestation.

Vietnam News (2000a) UNESCO acclaims Can Gio mangrove reserve. Vietnam News 25 November 2000.

Vietnam News (2000b) Can Gio Biosphere Reserve sets up management board. Vietnam News 9 September 2000.

Vietnam News (2002) HCM City breathes easily again. Vietnam News, 19 January 2002.

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